grammatical forms

- ciasteczka w formie gwiazdek star-shaped cakes

- różne formy współpracy different forms of cooperation

- powieść w formie pamiętnika a novel in the form of a journal

- wydać coś w formie książkowej/skróconej to publish sth in book/abridged form

- przyjaźń może przybierać różne formy friendship can take various forms

- przybrać formę strajku/manifestacji to take the form of a strike/demonstration

- potrzebna jest jakaś forma kontroli some form of control is needed

- to była forma protestu it was a form of protest

- forma i treść form and content

- był mistrzem formy he was a master of form

- to jest przerost formy nad treścią it represents the triumph of form over contents

- małe formy literackie/teatralne short literary/theatrical forms

- formy przestrzenne spatial forms

- ograniczenia tej formy literackiej the limitations of this form

- formy gramatyczne grammatical forms

- formy czasu przeszłego past tense forms

- forma dopełniacza the form of the genitive

- poprawna/niepoprawna forma a correct/incorrect form

- w formie pytającej in question form

- formy wodne i lądowe aquatic and terrestrial forms

- formy skalne rock forms

- forma do ciasta a cake tin

- wlej ciasto do formy pour the mixture into a tin

- forma chlebowa a bread pan

- forma wtryskowa an injection mould

- papierowa forma a paper pattern

- forma płaszcza/spódnicy a pattern for a coat/skirt

- forma na sukienkę a pattern for a dress

- być w dobrej/złej formie to be in good/poor form a. shape

- być w formie to be on form a. in shape

- nie być w formie to be off form a. out of shape

- trzymać formę to keep on form a. in shape

- być/nie być w formie to be on/off form

- być w dobrej/słabej formie to be in good/poor form

- utrzymać/stracić formę to keep on/go off form

- wracać do formy to return to form

- przeżywać spadek formy to suffer a slump in form

- zaprezentował doskonałą formę he showed he was in top form

- formy towarzyskie social conventions; good form przest.

- przestrzegać form to observe the form

- robić coś wyłącznie dla formy to do sth purely as a matter of form

- □ forma recesywna Jęz. recessive form

- formy supletywne Jęz. suppletive forms

macaronic.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 familiar broken

■ habla un español macarrónico his Spanish is absolutely awful

* * *

ADJ macaronic

* * *

- ca adjetivo

* * *

= macaronic.

Ex. Folengo was outstanding among the macaronic poets (who wrote mixing Latin grammatical forms with vernacular vocabulary).

----

* griego macarrónico = dog Greek.

* latín macarrónico = dog Latin, mock Latin.

* poesía macarrónica = macaronic poetry.

* verso macarrónico = macaronic verse.

* * *

- ca adjetivo

* * *

* * *

habla un inglés macarrónico ( fam hum); his English is absolutely chronic ( colloq)

* * *

* * *

macarrónico, -a adj

tiene un inglés macarrónico his English is atrocious

* * *

adj fam

habla un francés macarrónico he speaks atrocious French;

latín macarrónico dog Latin

f. a list orﾠ series of (grammatical) forms orﾠ of the variations of (grammatical) forms (caused by declension, conjugation etc.) MW. ;

रूपम् [रूप् क भावे अच् वा Uṇ.3.28]

1 Form, figure, appearance; विरूपं रूपवन्तं वा पुमानित्येव भुञ्जते Pt.1.143; so सुरूप, कुरूप &c.

-2 Form or the quality of colour (one of the 24 guṇas of the Vaiśeṣikas); चर्क्षुर्मात्रग्राह्यजातिमान् गुणो रूपम् Tarka K; (it is of six kinds:-- शुक्ल, कृष्ण, पीत, रक्त, हरित, कपिल, or of seven, if चित्र be added).

-3 Any visible object or thing.

-4 A handsome form or figure, beautiful form, beauty, elegance, grace; मानुषीषु कथं वा स्यादस्य रूपस्य संभवः Ś.1.25; विद्या नाम नरस्य रूपमधिकम् Bh.2.2; रूपं जरा हन्ति &c.

-5 Natural state or condi- tion, nature, property, characteristic, essence; circum- stances (opp. to 'time' and 'place'); देशं रूपं च कालं च व्यवहारविधौ स्थितः Ms.8.45.

-6 Mode, manner.

-7 A sign, feature.

-8 Kind, sort, species.

-9 An image, a reflected image.

-1 Similitude, resemblance.

-11 Speci- men, type, pattern.

-12 An inflected form, the form of a noun or a verb derived from inflection (declension or conjugation).

-13 The number one, an arithmetical unit.

-14 An integer.

-15 A drama, play; see रूपक.

-16 Acquiring familiarity with any book by learning it by heart or by frequent recitation.

-17 Cattle.

-18 A sound, a word.

-19 A known quantity.

-2 A beast.

-21 A verse.

-22 A name.

-23 The white colour.

-24 A particular coin (as a rupee); कस्यचिद् गृहे चोरयित्वा रूपाभिग्राहितो बद्धः Dk.2.4.

-25 Silver; मसारगल्वर्कसुवर्णरूपैः Mb.7.16.54. (रूप is fre- quently used at the end of comp. in the sense of 'for- med or composed of', 'consisting of', 'in the form of', 'namely'; having the appearance or colour of', तपो- रूपं धनम्; धर्मरूपः सखा &c.). -m.

-पः a deer.

-Comp. -अधिबोधः the perception of form or colour of any object by the senses.

-अक्षिग्राहित a. caught in the act, caught red-handed.

-अस्त्रः Cupid.

-आजीवा, -जीवना a harlot, prostitute, courtezan; रूपाजीवाश्च वादिन्यो वणिजश्च महाधनाः Rām; रूपाजीवाः स्नानप्रघर्षशुद्धशरीराः Kau. A.1.2.

-आवली a list or series of variations of grammatical forms.

-आश्रय a. exceedingly beautiful; त्वष्टा रूपाश्रयं रथम् Bhāg.4.15.17.

-इन्द्रियम् the organ which per- ceives form and colour, the eye.

-उच्चयः a collection of lovely forms; रूपोच्चयेन मनसा विधिना कृता नु Ś.2.1.

-उपजीवनम् the gaining a livelihood by a beautiful form; रङ्गावतरणं चैव तथा रूपोपजीवनम् Mb.12.294.5. (com. रूपोपजीवनं जलमण्डपिकेति दाक्षिणात्येषु प्रसिद्धम् । यत्र सूक्ष्म- वस्त्रं व्यवधाय चर्ममयैराकारै राजामात्यादीनां चर्या प्रदर्श्यते).

-कारः, -कृत् m. a sculptor; रूपकारो$पि शस्त्रेण क्रीडयैवोल्लिलेख ताम् Ks.37.8.9.

-गुणः the quality of colour; वायोरपि विकुर्वाणाद्विरोचिष्णु तमोनुदम् । ज्योतिरुत्पद्यते भास्वत्तद्रूपगुणमुच्यते Ms.1.77.

-ग्रहः the eye.

-ज्ञ a. perceiving forms, dis- tinguishing visible objects; त्वं तु प्रत्यक्षदर्शी च रूपज्ञश्च महा- भुजः Mb.14.6.2.

-तत्त्वम् inherent property, essence.

-तर्कः an assay-master or inspector of mint (?).

-धर a. of the form of, disguised as; जुगोप गोरूपधरामिवोर्वीम् R.2.3.

-धारिन् 1 having a form or shape.

-2 Pos- sessed of beauty, lovely. (-m.) an actor.

-ध्येयम् beuaty.

-नाशनः an owl.

-परिकल्पना the assuming of a shape; Rām.

-भागानुबन्धः the addition of a fraction to a unit.

-भागापवादः the subtraction of a fraction from a unit.

-भेदः (in gram.) diversity of phonetic form or sound.

-लावण्यम् exquisiteness of form, elegance.

-विपर्ययः disfigurement, morbid change of bodily form.

-विभागः the dividing of an integer number into fractions.

-शालिन् a. beautiful.

-संपद्, -संपत्तिः f. perfection or excellence of form, richness of beauty, superb beauty; उदपादि चास्या रूपसंपदा आविर्भूतविस्मयस्य तस्य मनसि K.

a. Danish;

dönsk tunga, the Danish (or old Scandinavian) language.

* * *

adj., Danir, pl. Danes; Dan-mörk, f. Denmark, i. e. the mark, march, or border of the Danes; Dana-veldi, n. the Danish empire; Dana-virki, n. the Danish wall, and many compds, vide Fms. xi. This adj. requires special notice, because of the phrase Dönsk tunga ( the Danish tongue), the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue. It must be borne in mind that the ‘Danish’ of the old Saga times applies not to the nation, but to the empire. According to the researches of the late historian P.A. Munch, the ancient Danish empire, at least at times, extended over almost all the countries bordering on the Skagerac (Vík); hence a Dane became in Engl. synonymous with a Scandinavian; the language spoken by the Scandinavians was called Danish; and ‘Dönsk tunga’ is even used to denote Scandinavian extraction in the widest extent, vide Sighvat in Fms. iv. 73, Eg. ch. 51, Grág. ii. 71, 72. During the 11th and 12th centuries the name was much in use, but as the Danish hegemony in Scandinavia grew weaker, the name became obsolete, and Icel. writers of the 13th and 14th centuries began to use the name ‘Norræna,’ Norse tongue, from Norway their own mother country, and the nearest akin to Icel. in customs and idiom. ‘Swedish’ never occurs, because Icel. had little intercourse with that country, although the Scandinavian tongue was spoken there perhaps in a more antique form than in the sister countries. In the 15th century, when almost all connection with Scandinavia was broken off for nearly a century, the Norræna in its turn became an obsolete word, and was replaced by the present word ‘Icelandic,’ which kept its ground, because the language in the mean time underwent great changes on the Scandinavian continent. The Reformation, the translation of the Old and New Testaments into Icelandic (Oddr Gotskalksson, called the Wise, translated and published the N. T. in 1540, and bishop Gudbrand the whole Bible in 1584), a fresh growth of religious literature, hymns, sermons, and poetry (Hallgrímr Pétrsson, Jón Vídalín), the regeneration of the old literature in the 17th and 18th centuries (Brynjólfr Sveinsson, Arni Magnússon, Þormóðr Torfason),—all this put an end to the phrases Dönsk tunga and Norræna; and the last phrase is only used to denote obsolete grammatical forms or phrases, as opposed to the forms and phrases of the living language. The translators of the Bible often say ‘vort Íslenzkt mál,’ our Icelandic tongue, or ‘vort móður mál,’ our mother tongue; móður-málið mitt, Pass. 35. 9. The phrase ‘Dönsk tunga’ has given rise to a great many polemical antiquarian essays: the last and the best, by which this question may be regarded as settled, is that by Jon Sigurdsson in the preface to Lex. Poët.; cp. also that of Pál Vídalín in Skýr. s. v., also published in Latin at the end of the old Ed. of Gunnl. Saga, 1775.

अवग्रहः 1 Separation of the component parts of a compound, or of other grammatical forms.

-2 The mark or interval of such a separation; समासे$वग्रहो ह्रस्वसमकालः.

-3 The syllable or letter after which such separation occurs, छन्दस्यृदवग्रहात् P.VIII.4.26.

-4 A hiatus, absence of sandhi (as in धिक् तां च तं च मदनं च इमां च मां च instead of चेमां च) Bh.2.2.

-5 The mark ($) used to mark the elision of अ after ए and ओ.

-6 Withholding of rain, drought, failure of rain; वृष्टि- र्भवति शस्यानामवग्रहविशोषिणाम् R.1.62; रावणावग्रहक्लान्तमिति वागमृतेन सः 1.48; नभोनभस्ययोर्वृष्टिमवग्रह इवान्तरे 12.29; वृषेव सीतां तदवग्रहक्षताम् Ku.5.61.

-7 An obstacle, impedi- ment, hindrance, restraint; संसार˚ Māl.1 the bonds of fetters of worldly existence; प्रसह्य रक्षोभिरवग्रहं च Rām.; see अनवग्रह and निरवग्रह.

-8 A herd of elephants

-9 The forehead of an elephant; A part of the elephant's face, the flat level place in the middle of the elephant's forehead which joins the lower parts of the two Kumbhas; Mātaṅga L.5.6.

-1 Nature, original temperament.

-11 A sort of knowledge, a false idea.

-12 Punishment (opp. अनुग्रह); अनुग्रहावग्र- हयोर्विधाता Śi.1.71.

-13 An imprecation, a term of abuse.

-14 An iron hook with which elephants are driven.

-15 Obstinate insistance; obstinacy; कर्मण्यवग्र- हधियो भगवन्विदामः Bhāg.4.7.27.

1. form; ( внешнее очертание) shape

2. филос., грам. form

3. тех. ( для отливки) mound

4. ( одежда) uniform; воен. тж. regimentals pl.

5. канц. form

6. полигр. form(e)

[brgyan dgod pa]

arrange ornaments, decorate, adorn, construct or adjust grammatical forms

[zur chag sgra]

faulty words and grammatical forms, corrupted word

n. N. of a ch. in the Kātantra treating of the meaning of grammatical forms

mfn. sounding well (as a flute) Mṛicch. ;

1) филос. form

2) (очертание, оболочка) form; shape

3) (разновидность, вариант реализации) form

4) грам. form

5) (одежда, в т.ч. воен.) uniform

6) ( физическая или моральная подготовленность) shape, form

7) мн. обыкн. шутл. ( округлости тела) shapes

8) канц. (формуляр, бланк) form

9) тех. ( для отливки) mould [məʊ-], form, cast

10) полигр. form(e)

••

ἐκλείπ-ω,

A leave out, pass over,

πολλὰ δ' ἐκλείπω λέγων A.Pers. 513

;

ἐ. ὄχλον λόγων Id.Pr. 827

, cf. D.25.47; ἐ. Ἄνδρον leave out, pass over Andros, Hdt.4.33;

ἐ. ὁτιοῦν τῆς παρασκευῆς Th.7.48

;

τὴν στρατιάν X.HG5.2.22

;

εἴ τι ἐξέλιπον, σὸν ἔργον ἀναπληρῶσαι Pl.Smp. 188e

:—[voice] Pass., ὄνειδος οὐκ ἐκλείπεται fails not to appear, A.Eu.97.

2 forsake, desert, abandon, τὰς πατρίδας, τὴν ξυμμαχίην, etc., Hdt.1.169,6.13, etc.;

θήρας μόχθον E.Hipp.52

;

τὸ ξυνώμοτον Th.2.74

;

τὸν ὅρκον E.IT 750

; abandon, quit,

τὴν τάξιν Hdt.8.24

, al.;

τὴν χώρην Id.4.105

, 118,al.;

τὸν πλοῦν S.Ph. 911

, cf. 58; give up,

τὴν τυραννίδα Hdt.6.123

;

τὰ ὑπάρχοντα Th.1.144

;

θρήνους E.Ph. 1635

; v. infr.11.2.

3 freq.in elliptic phrases, ἐκλείπειν τὴν πόλιν εἰς τὰ ἄκρα abandon the city and go to the heights, Hdt.6.100, cf.8.50, X.An.7.4.2;

ἐξέλειπον οἴκους πρὸς ἄλλον εὐνάτορα E.Andr. 1040

(lyr.).

4 εἴ τις ἐξέλιπε τὸν ἀριθμόν (of the Persian immortals) if any one left the number incomplete, Hdt.7.83.

5 fail one,

ἐκλελοίπασιν ὑμᾶς αἱ προφάσεις Lys.8.16

, cf. Pl.Lg. 657d.

II intr., of the Sun or Moon, suffer eclipse, Th.2.28 ; in full,

ὁ ἥλιος ἐκλιπὼν τὴν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἕδρην Hdt.7.37

;

ἐ. τὰς ὁδούς Ar.Nu.

584.

2 die, οἱ ἐκλιπόντες the deceased, Pl.Lg. 856e;

τῶν ἄλλων ἐκλελοιπότων Is.11.10

, etc.; of trees, BGU1120.33 (i B.C.); more freq. in full,

ἐ. βίον S.El. 1131

; ὑφ' ὧν ἥκιστα ἐχρῆν τὸν βίον ἐκλιπών (= ἀποθανών) Antipho 1.21; so

ἐ. φάος E. Ion 1186

, etc.

3 faint, Hp.Prorrh.1.71.

4 generally, leave off, cease, τῇ μοι [ ὁ λόγος]

ἐξέλιπε Hdt.7.239

;

ἐ. πυρετός Hp.Aph.4.56

, cf. Th.3.87; ἐκλέλοιπεν εὐφρόνη, i.e. it is day, S.El.19; ὥστε μὴ 'κλιπεῖν κλέος ib. 985, cf. 1149; [ αἱ ἐργασίαι]

ἐκλελοίπασιν Isoc.8.20

: c. part., leave off doing, Pl.Mx. 234b, cf. 249b: c. gen.,

θεραπείας Plu.Marc.17

.

5 fail, be wanting,

ῥώμη γὰρ ἐκλέλοιπεν ἣν πρὶν εἴχομεν E.HF 230

, cf. Pl.R. 485d;

τῶν ἐπιτηδείων ἐκλειπόντων D.S.16.75

;

ἡ φωνὴ ἐξέλιπε Luc.Nigr.35

; περὶ ὧν ἐ. [ὁ νόμος] Arist.Pol. 1286a37: Gramm., of words in a sentence, A.D.Synt.11.17; of grammatical forms, ib. 168.21.

6 remain, be left, LXX 4 Ki.7.13.

7 depart, A.Pers. 128 (lyr.), Th. 219.

8 ἐκλείπων σφυγμός remittent pulse, Gal. 9.66.

Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `brother' (Il.)

Other forms: Att. ἀδελφός, Cret. αδευπιος.

Derivatives: ἀδελφιδέος, - δέη, Att. - δοῦς, - δῆ `nephew', `niece'. ἀδελιφήρ· ἀδελφεός, Λάκωνες H. will be contamination with φράτηρ.

Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]

Etymology: With α copulativum (*sm̥- `one') and a word for `womb', cf. H.: ἀδελφοί οἱ ἐκ τῆς αὑτῆς δελφύος γεγονότες. δελφὺς γὰρ ἡ μήτρα. The - ε- cannot be from - εϜ- (Cret. - ιος); - eio-, of the adj. of material, Wackernagel Unt. 52f. From an expression *φράτηρ ἀδελφεός, as in Skt. sagarbhya- (cf. ὁμογαστριος). Att. ἀδελφός from contracted forms like ἀδελφοῦ \< - εοῦ. As the inherited word for `brother', φράτηρ, got primarily a religio-political meaning (cf. φράτρα, φρατρία), and perhaps also because the word could also be used for other members of the family of the same stage, like nephews, a term for the brother proper was needed. One has thought that the word derived from pre-Greek societies with mother-right (Kretschmer Glotta 2, 201ff.), but it may have been created in a society with concubines ( παλλακή; Gonda Mnem. 15 (1962) 390-2).

See also: δελφύς

Page in Frisk: 1,19

Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: unknown; said of ὄλεθρος, πότμος, φῆμις (Od.).

Dialectal forms: Myc. deukario \/Deukaliōn\/?

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [0] *deuk-? `to care'?

Etymology: Presupposes, like Πολυ-δεύκης, a noun *δεῦκος n., which is unknown. (Not to Lat. dūco etc., Lagercrantz KZ 35, 276). Cf. δεύκει φροντίζει H., ἐνδυκέως `careful'; ἀδευκής would then be `careless, rücksichtslos', which fits very well. In a Scholion on A. R. 1, 1027, δεῦκος is glossed as γλεῦκος, which seems most improbable. (Is there a mistake for ΓΔΕΥΚΟΣ?) - The name Δευκαλίων may come from *Λευκαλίων, s. Bechtel Lex. s. ἀδευκής.

Page in Frisk: 1,20

   1) The Book of Nature Is Written in the Language of Mathematics

   Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)

   2) Arranging Speech so as to Reply Appropriately

   It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)

   3) No Other Animal Has the Language Capacity of the Human

   It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)

   4) Human Beings Do Not Live Only in the World of Objects

   Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)

   5) Language Powerfully Conditions All Our Thinking

   It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)

   6) A List of Language Games

   [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]

   Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it

   Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another

   LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)

   7) Language Constrains Certain Modes of Interpretation

   We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)

   8) We Dissect Nature in Accordance with Our Native Languages

   We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.

   The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)

   9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language

   The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)

    10) The Analysis of Certain Types of Utterances

   It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)

    11) The Dictionary of a Language Is a System of Concepts

   In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)

    12) Talk about the Evolution of the Language Capacity is Beside the Point

   In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)

    13) The Development of Language

   [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)

    14) Sentential and Conceptual Levels in Language

   he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.

   The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)

    15) Linguistic Realities Have Not Yet Been Captured by Theoretical Models

   The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.

   But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)

    16) The Final Steps to Human Language

   The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)

    17) The Inadequacy of Formal Linguistic Models for Ordinary Language Usage

    t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)

    18) When a Language Is an Abstract Machine

   A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)

    19) Metaphor and Metonymy Underpin the Formation of Linguistic Signs

   Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)

    20) Language and the Analysis of Nature

   It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)

    21) Correspondence Rules for Mapping Old Theory into Subsets of New Theory

   First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....

   Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)

    22) The Inclusion of Non- linguistic Factors in a Theory of Grammar

   If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)

    23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction

   Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)

    24) The Genetic Blueprints of Language

   By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)

    25) Languages Are Machines

   Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

Grammatical information: n.

Meaning: `head' (trag., Cratin., Eup.),

Other forms: κάρη (ep.)

Dialectal forms: Myc. ka-ra-a-pi instr. pl. \/karāatphi\/

Derivatives: As 1. member in καρᾱ-τομέω `behead' (E., J.) with καράτομος `beheaded' (S., E.), seeming basis καρατόμος `beheading' (Lyc.), cf. on δειροτομέω s. δέρη; καρηβαρέω (- άω) `feel heavy in the head, be sleepy, have headache' with καρηβαρία, - ίη etc. (Hp., Arist.); from there Lat. caribaria \> Fr. charivari, W.-Hofmann 1, 854; on καραδοκέω s. v. Cf. κράσπεδον, κρησφύγετον, κρήδεμνον. - Other forms: A. recent analogical formations to κάρᾱ, κάρη: dat. τῳ̃ κάρᾳ (A., S.), κάρῃ (Thgn.); κάρης, - ην (Call., Nic.), κάρᾱν (Anacreont.). B. Older disyll. forms: ep. καρή-ατος, - ατι, pl. - ατα; also κάρη-τος, - τι; to καρήατα new nom. sg. κάρηαρ (Antim.). C. monosyll. forms: κρά̄-ατος, - ατι, pl. - ατα; usual. (also trag.) κρᾱτός, - τί, pl. κρᾶ-τα (Pi. Fr. 8); further isolated forms: κράτεσφι (Κ 156; prob. sg.), κρά̄των (χ 309), κρᾱσίν (Κ 152), κρᾶτας (E.); κρᾶτα as acc. sg. (θ 92, trag.), as nom. sg. (S. Ph. 1457); new nom. sg. κράς (Simm. 4). D. κάρᾰ (antevoc.) as nom. pl. (h. Cer. 12), κάρᾱ pl.? (Sannyr. 3). On κάρηνα s. v.; and s. below.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [574] *ḱrh₂-(e)s-n- `head'

Etymology: From the oblique forms of the Skt. word for `head', e. g. gen. sg. śīrṣṇ-ás with the adverbial ablativ śīrṣa-tás (a \< n̥), which represent a with n enlarged monosyll. zero grade (śīrṣ-n- \< *ḱr̥h₂-s-n-) from the disyll. nom.-acc. śíras- (Av. sarah-, \< *ḱr̥h₂-os), it appears that κρά̄ατος represents an original *κρά̄σα-τος \< (ḱr̥h₂s-n̥tos); through contraction this gave κρᾱτός (acc. to Zenodot. κρητός). The antevocalic form κρᾱσν- lives on in κρᾱν-ίον (s. v.). The explanation of the Greek disyll. forms has to start from plur. κάρηνα \< *καρασν-α (\< *ḱrh₂-es-n-), to which the singular forms καρήατος, - ατι were made from *καρασα-τος, - τι (with metr. lengthening and η for ᾱ after κάρηνα), if not innovated to κάρη. This form may go back to an analogical *κάρασ-α (like ὄνομα); to κάρη were made κάρη-τος, - τι. - Beside these old σ-stem there are isolated σ-less forms: ἐπὶ κάρ `on its head', ἔγ-καρ-ος, ἴγκρος ἐγκέφαλος and κατὰ ( ἀπὸ) κρῆ-θεν `from the head down' (Hom., Hes.), κρή-δεμνον `head-band'. The explanation is discussed: κατὰ κρῆθεν (from where ἀπὸ κρῆθεν) may stand for κατ' ἄκρηθεν (s. esp. Leumann Hom. Wörter 56ff., but this seems unncessary); ἔγκαρος has been taken as learned innovation to κάρη after κεφαλή: ἐγκέφαλος; on κρήδεμνον s. s. v. An σ-less κάρ is supported by Arm. sar `hight, top' (idg. *ḱr̥h₂r-o-). Very extensive treatment by A.J. Nussbaum, Head and Horn 1986 (rev. Beekes, Kratylos 34 (989)55-59). - S. Schwyzer 583 (diff. on κάρη; Pok. 574f., Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 230f., 242, Leumann Hom. Wörter 159, Egli Heteroklisie 31f., 87ff. - Cf. further 1. καρόω, καρώ, καρωτόν; κέρας, κράνος, κριός.

Page in Frisk: 1,784-785

1 careless, forgetful, reckless, carefree.

2 neglected, forsaken, deserted, abandoned.

past participle of spanish verb: descuidar.

* * *

► participio pasado

1→ link=descuidar descuidar

► adjetivo

1 (negligente) careless, negligent

2 (desaseado) slovenly, untidy, neglected

3 (desprevenido) unprepared

* * *

* * *

1) [persona] (=despreocupado) careless; (=olvidadizo) forgetful; (=desprevenido) unprepared; (=tranquilo) easy in one's mind

2) (=desaliñado) [aspecto] untidy, slovenly; [habitación] untidy, messy

3) (=abandonado) neglected

* * *

- da adjetivo

a) [ser] ( negligente) careless

b) [estar] ( desatendido) neglected

* * *

= run-down, sloppy [sloppier -comp., sloppiest -sup.], careless, messy [messier -comp., messiest -sup.], rough and tumble, neglected, scruffy [scruffier -comp., scuffiest -sup.], unattended, unkempt, abandoned, dingy [dingier -comp., dingiest -sup.], be remiss, thoughtless.

Ex. In order to overcome the limitations of legal advice centres a number of lawyers in the early seventies began to set up law centres in run-down inner-city areas.

Ex. Even the best abstractors and indexers may be subject to sloppy practices and grammatical indiscretions from time to time.

Ex. They will spend time trying to ascribe reasons to the variations whereas the true facts are that the citer was simply sloppy and careless.

Ex. The author discusses current attempts to organize electronic information objects in a world that is messy, volatile and uncontrolled.

Ex. Gloucester has been a rough and tumble fishing community and seaport since the 1600's.

Ex. The work of the Belgian internationalist and documentalist, Paul Otlet (1868-1944) forms an important and neglected part of the history of information.

Ex. The article 'Surprise: Scruffy Students Now Don Glad Rags for Class' reports that high school students throughout the country are dressing up these days and that what is chic varies from region to region.

Ex. He was hired to bring the library up to speed after a period of 2 years when it had been unattended by a librarian.

Ex. Modern tourists lack a classical training, and most of them are bewildered by such unkempt ruins as those that are found in Rome.

Ex. It tells the story of a young detective who stumbles across a stash of jewel thieves hiding out in an abandoned house.

Ex. Shortly after he began as director, he moved the library from a dingy Carnegie mausoleum to a downtown department store that had become vacant.

Ex. Yet readers would be remiss to rely solely on any single source for handling such sensitive and critical situations.

Ex. Frivolous or thoughtless spending can eat up your income and hence your future savings.

----

* usar de un modo descuidado = bandy (about/around).

* uso de un modo descuidado = bandying about.

* * *

- da adjetivo

a) [ser] ( negligente) careless

b) [estar] ( desatendido) neglected

* * *

* * *

1 [ SER] (negligente) careless

es muy descuidado al escribir he writes very carelessly o sloppily

es muy descuidado, yo que tú no se lo prestaría he's very careless with things, if I were you I wouldn't lend him it

es muy descuidada en su forma de vestir she's very sloppy about o slapdash about o slovenly in the way she dresses

2 [ ESTAR] (desatendido) neglected

el jardín está muy descuidado the garden is very neglected o overgrown

tiene la casa muy descuidada he hasn't been looking after the house, his house is a mess ( colloq), his house is in a real state ( BrE colloq)

al hijo lo tienen muy descuidado they neglect their son terribly

los edificios son impresionantes, es una pena que estén tan descuidados the buildings are impressive, it's just a shame that they're so neglected o run-down

* * *

el participio

◊ -da adjetivo

a) [ser] ( negligente) careless;

b) [estar] ( desatendido) neglected

◊ descuide, yo me ocuparé de eso don't worry, I'll see to that

a) (no prestar atención, distraerse):

◊ se descuidó un momento y el perro se le escapó his attention strayed for a moment and the dog ran off;

b) ( en el aspecto físico) to neglect one's appearance

* * *

descuidado, -a adj

1. [desaseado] [persona, aspecto] untidy;

arréglate un poco, no vayas tan descuidado tidy yourself up a bit, don't be so slovenly

2. [abandonado] [jardín, casa] neglected;

un paraje bellísimo, pero muy descuidado a lovely spot, but very poorly looked after

3. [negligente] careless;

es muy descuidado con sus cosas he's very careless with his things

4. [distraído]

* * *

adj careless

* * *

descuidado, -da adj

1) : neglectful, careless

2) : neglected, unkempt

* * *

descuidado adj

1. (poco cuidadoso) careless

2. (desatentido) neglected